ii810638
   
|
分享:
▲
▼
Routine activity theory
柯恩 & 费尔逊所提出来的日常活动理论，是将生活方式暴露理论更具体化及正式化，其核心观念是认为在其他条件相等之下，犯罪的机会愈大，犯罪和被害的可能性就愈 高，而社会上日常生活型态的改变，使得人们有更多或更少犯罪和被害的机会，因此也改变了犯罪率或被害率，当有能力及动机的犯罪者接近没有受到合理保护之犯 罪标的物时，犯罪就可能会发生。
日常生活理论认为犯罪乃下列三项因素聚合的结果：
１、有能力及动机的犯罪者。
２、合适的犯罪标的物。
３、抑制犯罪发生者(监控者)不在场。
Routine activity theory is a sub-field of rational choice criminology, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen.
Routine activity theory says that crime is normal and depends on the opportunities available. If a target is not protected enough, and if the reward is worth it, crime will happen. Crime does not need hardened offenders, super-predators, convicted felons or wicked people. Crime just needs an opportunity.
The basic premise of routine activity theory is that most crimes are petty theft and unreported to the police. Crime is neither spectacular nor dramatic. It is mundane and happens all the time.
Another premise is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty, inequality, unemployment. For instance, after World War II, the economy of Western countries was booming and the Welfare states were expanding. During that time, crime rose significantly. According to Felson and Cohen, this is because the prosperity of contemporary society offers so much opportunities of crime: there is much more to steal.
Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine activity theory including copyright infringement, related to peer-to-peer file sharing, employee theft, and corporate crime.
References
Marcus Felson, Crime and Everyday Life. Insight and Implications for Society, Thousands Oaks : Pine Forge Press, 1994
Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson, « Social Change and Crime Rate Trends : A Routine Activity Approach », American Sociological Review, 44 (4), 1979, pp. 588-608
Ronald V. Clarke and Marcus Felson M., 1993, « Introduction : Criminology, Routine Activity, and Rational Choice », Advances in Theoretical Criminology : Routine Activity and Rational Choice, vol. 5, pp. 1-14
|
